History and Background of Kava in Tonga

For the Tongan people, kava (known as "kava kava" in Tongan) is more than just a drink. This traditional beverage made from the root of the Piper methysticum plant has played a central role in our culture for over 3000 years.

Deeply intertwined with Tonga’s broader cultural and spiritual practices, Kava in Tonga holds a vital position when it comes to significant life events. You will find this cherished drink at all the major moments in traditional Tongan life, whether it be celebrating births and graduations to marriages and funerals.

Watch the video below to journey through historical Tonga (and the beautiful island of Vava'u which is the home of The Tupou Kava Company) through the lens of traditional Kava and song and early tourism. Many of these photos are from our own personal family archives 😊:

 

Kava's Origins and Cultural Significance

The origins of kava in Tonga is closely linked to the Lapita people, the early settlers of the Pacific Islands who brought with them the knowledge and cultivation of the kava plant. The use of kava spread widely across the Pacific, becoming a staple in numerous island cultures. As a ‘canoe plant’, the kava plants journeyed with their caretakers throughout the vast Pacific Islands, adapting to different regions along the way.

Over time, kava and its developing rituals evolved into a symbol of unity, respect, and community.

Ceremonial Uses of Kava in Tonga

In Tongan society, kava is integral to numerous ceremonies and formal occasions. One of the most notable ceremonies is the "kava circle," or "faikava" (which means ‘to-do kava’), a traditional gathering where kava is prepared and shared among participants. The kava circle serves as a space for dialogue, storytelling, and the reinforcement of social bonds. It is often conducted during significant events such as weddings, funerals, and to welcome dignitaries.

The preparation and consumption of kava in these ceremonies are highly ritualised. The process begins with the grinding of the kava root (in historical high-formal circles the kava would be chewed instead of ground). The kava is then mixed with water in a large wooden bowl known as a "kumete." The mixture is strained through a cloth to produce the final beverage. The kava is served in coconut shell cups, starting with the highest-ranking individuals present.

Kava’s Role in Courtship

When my mum was young lady growing up in Tonga, kava played a significant role in the courtship process, particularly for families with unmarried daughters. The kumete, a large wooden bowl used for serving kava, was a prized possession in such households. When the sun set, young men would visit these homes, requesting permission from the parents to allow their daughters to serve kava. If the parents approved of the gentlemen, they would invite them in, initiating an evening-long tradition of kava preparation and serving.

This custom, known as faikava, was a common social activity for families with eligible daughters. It provided a structured and respectful environment for young men and women to court each other under the supervision of the family. The evening would be filled with rounds of kava, singing, guitar playing, and lively conversation. This ritualised interaction allowed the participants to get to know each other in a polite and communal setting. If the evening was particularly enjoyable, the faikava might continue until dawn.

In such cases, it was customary for the man who was courting the girl to return home at daybreak and have his family prepare a cooked breakfast. He would then present this meal, along with other gifts, to the girl's family as a token of gratitude and an indication of his interest in pursuing the relationship further. This gesture was an essential part of the courtship process and demonstrated respect and honour to the girl and her family.

Conversely, the absence of suitors visiting for faikava was seen as a negative reflection on a family's daughters. It implied that the daughters were not desirable, and this could be used as a form of insult in disputes between women. The social importance of faikava highlights the deep-rooted cultural practices in Tongan society, where communal activities and rituals played a crucial role in personal relationships and social status.

Social and Recreational Use of Kava in Tonga

Beyond its ceremonial importance, kava also plays a significant role in the everyday social life of Tongans. It is commonly consumed in informal settings as a way to relax, socialise, and foster camaraderie.

The faikava gatherings are usually held in a “kalapu” (Tongan for club). Other than a sole female “tou’a” whose responsibility it is to prepare and serve the kava, the kalapu is only attended by men and provides a space for communal interaction, music, and storytelling.

Kava's effects, which include relaxation and a mild sense of euphoria, contribute to its popularity as a social drink. Unlike alcohol, kava consumption does not lead to aggression or a loss of control, making it a preferred beverage for maintaining social harmony.

Kava's Contemporary Relevance in Tonga

In modern times, kava continues to hold a vital place in Tongan culture. Despite the influence of Westernisation and global changes, Tongan kava rituals and traditions have been preserved and adapted. Kava remains a symbol of cultural identity and heritage for Tongans, both in the islands and among the Tongan diaspora worldwide.

These days the handmade kumete is often replaced with mass-produced containers but you will still find the kava being served and received with reverence. 

The cultivation and export of kava in Tonga has also gained economic significance, providing a source of income for many Tongan farmers. The global interest in kava, plus Australia's move to legalise its sale and consumption in 2022, has led to growth in awareness and appreciation of its cultural and medicinal properties.

The history of kava in Tonga is a testament to its enduring cultural, social, and economic significance. From its ancient roots with the Lapita people to its modern-day role, kava continues to be a cornerstone of Tongan life, reflecting the values of community, respect, and tradition. As both a ceremonial and social beverage, kava's legacy in Tonga is a powerful reminder of the rich cultural heritage of the Pacific Islands.

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 Written by: Katalina Barton, co-founder The Tupou Kava Company